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1 words indicating that the document is a promissory note or a bill of exchange
юр.Н.П. вексельная меткаУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > words indicating that the document is a promissory note or a bill of exchange
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2 ♦ note
♦ note /nəʊt/n.1 nota; appunto; chiosa; postilla; segno; marchio; (fig.) accento; tono: to make a note of st., prendere nota di qc.; to take notes, prendere appunti; to take note of st., prender nota di qc.; fare attenzione a qc.; to write a note, scrivere un appunto; to keep note of st., tenere nota di qc.; annotarsi qc.; marginal note, nota in margine; postilla; a diplomatic note, una nota diplomatica; There was a note of sadness in his words, c'era una nota (o un accento, un tono) di tristezza nelle sue parole; to set a note of infamy on sb., porre un marchio d'infamia su q.; a matter worthy of note, una cosa degna di nota; a note of irritation, un tono d'irritazione2 biglietto; breve lettera: Has he left a note?, ha lasciato un biglietto?; a thank-you note, un biglietto di ringraziamento; suicide note, biglietto del suicida; ransom note, lettera di richiesta di riscatto3 segno d'interpunzione; punto: note of exclamation, punto esclamativo; note of interrogation, punto interrogativo4 [u] eccellenza; eminenza; chiara fama; riguardo: a philosopher of note, un filosofo di chiara fama; a man of note, un uomo di riguardo6 banconota; biglietto ( di banca): All in ten-pound notes, please, tutto in biglietti da dieci sterline, prego; notes in circulation, biglietti in circolazione7 (mus. e fig.) nota: to play (o to sing) a false note, prendere una nota falsa suonando (o cantando); (fig.) to strike a false note, far risuonare una nota stonata; (fig.) to strike the right note, toccare la nota giusta; a low note, una nota bassa8 (comm.) bolla; bolletta; bollettino; distinta: delivery note, bolla di consegna; DIALOGO → - Delivery times- It says on the delivery note that we have to pick up a cheque for the balance, la bolla di consegna dice che dobbiamo ritirare un assegno per il saldo; consignment note, bolletta di spedizione ferroviaria; dispatch note, bollettino di spedizione; (naut.) weight note, distinta dei pesi; bought note, distinta d'acquisto; sales note, distinta di vendita10 (fin., leg.) cambiale propria (o diretta); effetto (cambiario); pagherò (o vaglia) cambiario: ( banca, rag.) notes payable, effetti passivi; notes receivable, effetti attivi (o all'incasso); promissory note, pagherò cambiario11 (rag.) nota: credit [debit] note, nota di accredito [di addebito]● (fin., USA) note-broker, intermediario di sconto □ (fin.) note circulation, circolazione cartacea □ (fin.) note issue, emissione di banconote □ (fin.) note-issuing bank, banca (o istituto) d'emissione □ (leg.) note of counsel's fees, parcella d'avvocato □ (rag.) note of expenses, nota spese □ (fin., leg.) note of hand, pagherò cambiario □ (leg.) note of protest, protesto preliminare □ ( banca) note register, registro degli effetti □ (fig.) to change one's note, cambiar tono; diventare più mansueto, più umile □ (fam.) to compare notes with sb., comunicarsi impressioni (o raffrontare le proprie idee) con q. □ to make notes of, prendere appunti di □ of note, degno di nota; importante; notevole; famoso: nothing of note, niente d'importante; a novelist of note, un romanziere famoso □ to preach from notes, predicare servendosi di appunti.(to) note /nəʊt/v. t.1 fare attenzione a; badare a; osservare: Note what I say, bada a quel che ti dico!; Note how to mend it, osserva (sta' a vedere) come si fa a ripararlo!2 notare; osservare; dire; rilevare; rimarcare: Please note that…, favorite rilevare che…; vogliate notare che…3 ( di solito to note down) notare; annotare; prendere nota di; mettere per iscritto: The student noted down every word his teacher said, lo studente prese nota d'ogni parola detta dall'insegnante; to note down one's impressions, annotare le proprie impressioni. -
3 that
------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] kwamba[Part of Speech] conjunction[English Example] be sure that the cutting gets as close as possible to the origin of the branch axil [How to Prune Trees, US Dept. of Agriculture][Swahili Example] hakikisha kwamba mkato unakuwa karibu sana iwezekanavyo na shina kwenye mhimili wa tawi [ http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/howtos/ht_pruneswahili/4mikato.htm Jinsi ya Kupogoa Miti, US Dept. of Agriculture]------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] kuwa[Part of Speech] conjunction[English Example] Bahati already felt that Idi was angry[Swahili Example] Bahati alikwisha hisi kuwa Idi alikasirika [Sul]------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] kama[Part of Speech] conjunction[English Example] we have seen that he went away[Swahili Example] tumeona kama aliondoka [Rec]------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that (person or animal)[Swahili Word] yule[Part of Speech] adjective[English Example] that child and those parents[Swahili Example] mtoto yule na wazazi wale[Note] class 1------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] ule[Part of Speech] adjective[English Example] that city[Swahili Example] mji ule[Note] class 3, 11, 14------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] lile[Part of Speech] adjective[English Example] that orange and those mangoes[Swahili Example] chungwa lile na maembe yale[Note] class 5------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] yale[Part of Speech] adjective[English Example] that milk[Swahili Example] maziwa yale[Note] class 6------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] kile[Part of Speech] pronoun[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] -le[English Example] that onion and those potatoes[Swahili Example] kitunguu kile na viazi vile[Note] class 7------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] ile[Part of Speech] pronoun[English Example] that news[Swahili Example] habari ile[Note] class 9------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] pale[Part of Speech] adjective[English Example] at that school over there[Swahili Example] pale shuleni[Note] class 16------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] kule[Part of Speech] adjective[English Example] in that country; that act of explaining[Swahili Example] kule nchini; kueleza kule[Note] usually class 17, also (rarely used) class 15------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that (place inside)[Swahili Word] mle[Part of Speech] adjective[English Example] inside that pocket[Swahili Example] mle mfukoni[Note] class 18------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that place[Swahili Word] ku[Part of Speech] verb object------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that (person or animal previously mentioned)[Swahili Word] huyo[Part of Speech] adjective[English Example] that carpenter already discussed[Swahili Example] seremala huyo[Note] class 1------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that (previously mentioned)[Swahili Word] huo[Part of Speech] adjective[English Example] that key already discussed[Swahili Example] ufunguo huo[Note] class 3, 11, 14------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that (previously mentioned)[Swahili Word] hilo[Part of Speech] adjective[English Example] that window already discussed[Swahili Example] dirisha hilo[Note] class 5------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that (previously mentioned)[Swahili Word] hayo[Part of Speech] adjective[English Example] that water already discussed[Swahili Example] maji hayo[Note] class 6------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that (previously mentioned)[Swahili Word] hicho[Part of Speech] adjective[English Example] that institute already discussed[Swahili Example] chuo hicho[Note] class 7------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that (previously mentioned)[Swahili Word] hiyo[Part of Speech] adjective[English Example] that day already discussed[Swahili Example] siku hiyo[Note] class 9------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that (previously mentioned)[Swahili Word] hapo[Part of Speech] adjective[English Example] at that store already discussed[Swahili Example] hapo dukani[Note] class 16------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that (previously mentioned)[Swahili Word] huko[Part of Speech] adjective[English Example] in that country already discussed[Swahili Example] huko nchini[Note] class 17, also (rarely used) class 15------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that (previously mentioned)[Swahili Word] humo[Part of Speech] adjective[English Example] in that suitcase already discussed[Swahili Example] humo mzigoni[Note] class 18------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] amba-[Part of Speech] pronoun[English Example] Is this the book that you've read?[Swahili Example] Hiki ni kitabu ambacho umekisoma?[Note] amba + determinative suffix------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] ambao[Part of Speech] pronoun[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] amba, o[English Example] the mountain that is visible[Swahili Example] mlima ambao unaonekana[Note] class 3, 11, 14------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] ambayo[Part of Speech] pronoun[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] amba, yo[English Example] stores that sell milk[Swahili Example] maduka ambayo yanauza maziwa[Note] class 4, 6, 9------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] ambalo[Part of Speech] pronoun[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] amba, lo[English Example] the newspaper that I read every day[Swahili Example] gazeti ambalo nasoma kila siku[Note] class 5------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] ambacho[Part of Speech] pronoun[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] amba, cho[English Example] the match that lit the fire[Swahili Example] kibiriti ambacho kimewasha moto[Note] class 7------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] ambavyo[Part of Speech] pronoun[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] amba, vyo[English Example] the shoes you will wear[Swahili Example] viatu ambavyo utavaa[Note] class 8------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] ambazo[Part of Speech] pronoun[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] amba, zo[English Example] dictionaries that have many words[Swahili Example] kamusi ambazo zina maneno mengi[Note] class 10------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] -o[Part of Speech] verb relative[Related Words] ambao[English Example] the tree that bore fruit[Swahili Example] mti uliozaa matunda[Note] class 3, 11, 14------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] -yo[Part of Speech] verb relative[Related Words] ambayo[English Example] last week (the week that passed)[Swahili Example] wiki iliyopita[Note] class 4, 6, 9------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] -lo[Part of Speech] verb relative[Related Words] ambalo[English Example] the car that she drives[Swahili Example] gari analoendesha[Note] class 5------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] -cho[Part of Speech] verb relative[Related Words] ambacho[English Example] the web link that I will follow[Swahili Example] kiungo nitakachofuata kwenye tovuti[Note] class 7------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] -vyo[Part of Speech] verb relative[Related Words] ambavyo[English Example] the shoes that he wore[Swahili Example] viatu alivyovaa[Note] class 8------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that[Swahili Word] -zo[Part of Speech] verb relative[Related Words] ambazo[English Example] the songs that we sang[Swahili Example] nyimbo tulizoimba[Note] class 10------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] in that way[Swahili Word] vilevile[Part of Speech] adverb[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] -le------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that is[Swahili Word] yaani[Part of Speech] conjunction[Derived Language] Arabic[English Example] child, you really have no shame, that is, you threw gravel on my head [darhotwire.com][Swahili Example] mtoto huna adabu kweli,yaani unanitupia vichangarawe juu ya kichwa changu [ http://www.darhotwire.com/dar/Vitimbi/vitimbi2.html darhotwire.com]------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that is[Swahili Word] maana yake[Part of Speech] conjunction[Derived Language] Arabic------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] so that[Swahili Word] ya kuwa[Part of Speech] conjunction[English Example] among the words I said so that things would occur[Swahili Example] katika maeneo niliyosema yakuwa vitu vitatokea [ http://unabii.org/sw-252pro.htm unabii.org]------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] in that way[Swahili Word] ndivyo[Part of Speech] conjunction[English Example] if that is the way it is[Swahili Example] kama ndivyo------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that is it![Swahili Word] ndilo[Part of Speech] interjection[Related Words] ndiyo, ndivyo------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] that which does not[Swahili Word] si[Part of Speech] verb tense------------------------------------------------------------ -
4 note
1. IInote somewhere as I noted above (elsewhere, etc.) как я отмечал выше и т.д; note at some time as I noted just now (before, earlier, etc.) как я только что и т.д. отметил2. IIInote smth.1) note smb.'s words (this fact, smb.'s warning, smb.'s habits, smb.'s gestures, etc.) обратить внимание на /отметить/ его слова и т.д.; he notes all my mistakes он замечает все мои ошибки2) note the fact (the improvement, the changes, different items, etc.) упомянуть /отметить/ этот факт и т.д.; I shall only note this я замечу только следующее3) note smb.'s address (a phone number, a mistake, etc.) записывать чей-л. адрес и т.д.; note all the places of interest отметать все достопримечательности; he noted everything I said он записывал все /делал заметки обо всем/, что я говорил3. IVnote smth. in some manner1) note smth. officially (triumphantly, ironically, impassionately, perfunctorily, simultaneously, etc.) официально и т.д. упомянуть /отметить/ что-л., остановиться на чем-л.2) note smth. carefully тщательно записывать что-л.4. XIbe noted somewhere his fortieth anniversary as a teacher was noted in the newspapers газеты отметили сорокалетие его преподавательской деятельности5. XVInote in smth. as I noted in my previous article (in my diary, in my report, etc.) как я отмечал в своей предыдущей статье и т.д.6. XXI11) note smth. in smth. the policeman noted the footprints in the soft earth полицейский заметил /обратил внимание на/ следы на земле; he noted all the misprints in the typescript он увидел /заметал/ все ошибки в машинописном тексте; note smth. between smb. note a resemblance between them обратить внимание на /отметить/ сходство между нами2) note smth. in smth. note the events (the facts, the names, etc.) in one's books (in one's diary, in the list, etc.) записывать события и т.д. в своих книгах и т.д.7. XXVnote that... (what..., how..., etc.) note that there was a mistake (that the child is only ten years old, etc.) отметить, что была допущена ошибка и т.д.; just note that he's late again заметьте, что он снова опоздал; note what he said (what he replied, etc.) обратить внимание на то, что он сказал и т.д.; note what 1 do next запените, что я делаю затем; note how he does it (how to do it, etc.) (по)следить за тем, как он это делает и т.д. -
5 the
ðə, ði(The form ðə is used before words beginning with a consonant eg the house or consonant sound eg the union ðə'ju:njən; the form ði is used before words beginning with a vowel eg the apple or vowel sound eg the honour ði 'onə) el, la, los, las1) (used to refer to a person, thing etc mentioned previously, described in a following phrase, or already known: Where is the book I put on the table?; Who was the man you were talking to?; My mug is the tall blue one; Switch the light off!)2) (used with a singular noun or an adjective to refer to all members of a group etc or to a general type of object, group of objects etc: The horse is running fast.; I spoke to him on the telephone; He plays the piano/violin very well.) el, la3) (used to refer to unique objects etc, especially in titles and names: the Duke of Edinburgh; the Atlantic (Ocean).) el, la4) (used after a preposition with words referring to a unit of quantity, time etc: In this job we are paid by the hour.) el, la, los, las5) (used with superlative adjectives and adverbs to denote a person, thing etc which is or shows more of something than any other: He is the kindest man I know; We like him (the) best of all.) el, la, los, las6) ((often with all) used with comparative adjectives to show that a person, thing etc is better, worse etc: He has had a week's holiday and looks (all) the better for it.) mucho•- the...- the...
the det el / laTuesday the fifth of May martes, cinco de mayotr[ðə] (Delante de una vocal se pronuncia tr[ðɪ]; con enfasis tr[ðiː])1 el, la (plural) los, las2 (per) por3 (emphasis) el, la, los, las■ you're not the Paul Newman, are you? no serás el auténtico Paul Newman, ¿verdad?■ the more you have, the more you want cuanto más se tiene, más se quiere■ the less said, the better cuanto menos digas, mejor■ the more the merrier cuantos más seamos, más nos divertiremosthe sooner the better: cuanto más pronto, mejorshe likes this one the best: éste es el que más le gustathe more I learn, the less I understand: cuanto más aprendo, menos entiendothe art: el, la, los, lasthe gloves: los guantesthe suitcase: la maletaforty cookies to the box: cuarenta galletas por cajan.• Roma s.f.adv.• cuánto adv.art.• el art.• la art.• las art.• lo art.• los art.art.def.• la art.def.
I before vowel ði, ðɪ; before consonant ðə, strong form ðiː1) (sing) el, la; (pl) los, las2) (emphatic use)do you mean the Dr Black? — ¿te refieres al famoso Dr Black?
3)a) ( with names)b) (in abstractions, generalizations) (+ sing vb)the possible/sublime — lo posible/sublime
the young/old — los jóvenes/viejos
4) ( per) por5) ( used instead of possessive pron) (colloq) (sing) el, la; (pl) los, lashow's the family? — ¿qué tal la familia? (fam)
II before vowel ði; before consonant ðəadverb (+ comp)a) (as conj) cuantothe more you have, the more you want — cuanto más tienes, más quieres
the sooner, the better — cuanto antes, mejor
••
Cultural note:
En Estados Unidos, el sueño americano es la creencia que cualquier persona que trabaje duro puede alcanzar el éxito económico o social. Para los inmigrantes y las minorías, este sueño también incluye libertad e igualdad de derechos(strong form) [ðiː] (weak form) [ˌðǝ]1. DEF ART1) (singular) el/la; (plural) los/lasdo you know the Smiths? — ¿conoce a los Smith?
how's the leg? — ¿cómo va la pierna?
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all the... — todo el.../toda la..., todos los.../todas las...•
I'll meet you at the bank/station — quedamos en el banco/la estación•
the cheek of it! — ¡qué frescura!•
he's the man for the job — es el más indicado para el puesto•
from the — del/de la, de los/lasit's ten miles from the house/village — está a diez millas de la casa/del pueblo
•
of the — del/de la, de los/las•
oh, the pain! — ¡ay qué dolor!•
he hasn't the sense to understand — no tiene bastante inteligencia para comprender•
to the — al/a la, a los/las2) (+ adjective)a) (denoting plural) los(-las)b) (denoting sing) lo3) (+ noun) (denoting whole class) el(-la)to play the piano/flute — tocar el piano/la flauta
in this age of the computer... — en esta época del ordenador...
4) (+ comparative) el(-la)•
eggs are usually sold by the dozen — los huevos se venden normalmente por docena•
25 miles to the gallon — 25 millas por galón6) (emphatic)you don't mean the professor Bloggs? — ¿quieres decir el profesor Bloggs del que tanto se habla?
7) (in titles)2.ADV•
she looks all the better for it — se la ve mucho mejor por eso•
the more he works the more he earns — cuanto más trabaja más gana(all) the more so because... — tanto más cuanto que...
the more... the less — mientras más... menos...
•
the sooner the better — cuanto antes mejor* * *
I before vowel [ði, ðɪ]; before consonant [ðə], strong form [ðiː]1) (sing) el, la; (pl) los, las2) (emphatic use)do you mean the Dr Black? — ¿te refieres al famoso Dr Black?
3)a) ( with names)b) (in abstractions, generalizations) (+ sing vb)the possible/sublime — lo posible/sublime
the young/old — los jóvenes/viejos
4) ( per) por5) ( used instead of possessive pron) (colloq) (sing) el, la; (pl) los, lashow's the family? — ¿qué tal la familia? (fam)
II before vowel [ði]; before consonant [ðə]adverb (+ comp)a) (as conj) cuantothe more you have, the more you want — cuanto más tienes, más quieres
the sooner, the better — cuanto antes, mejor
••
Cultural note:
En Estados Unidos, el sueño americano es la creencia que cualquier persona que trabaje duro puede alcanzar el éxito económico o social. Para los inmigrantes y las minorías, este sueño también incluye libertad e igualdad de derechos -
6 note
§ ბარათი, ჩანაწერი; ნოტა დიპლომატიური; შენიშვნა; აღნიშვნა§1 შენიშვნა, სქოლიო, კომენტარი (წერილობითი)pay attention to the notes at the end of the book წიგნის ბოლოში შენიშვნებს მიაქციეთ ყურადღება!2 (notes) ჩანაწერი, კონსპექტი3 ბატათი, მოკლე წერილი4 ნოტიhigh / low note მაღალი / დაბალი ნოტი5 დიპლომატიური ნოტა6 ტონი, კილოto strike the right / false note სწორი / არასწორი ტონის შერჩევა7 ბანკნოტი●●a person / writer of note ცნობილი პიროვნება / მწერალიworthy of note ღირსშესანიშნავი, ყურადსაღებიto take note of sth. რისიმე შემჩნევა / აღნიშვნაtake note of what he has said! მხედველობაში მიიღე მისი სიტყვები! // ყურადღება მიაქციე მის ნათქვამს!8 შენიშვნა (შენიშნავს), შემჩნევაhe noted that her hands were dirty შენიშნა, რომ ხელები ჭუჭყიანი ჰქონდა9 ყურადღების მიქცევაplease note my words გთხოვ, ჩემ სიტყვებს ყურადღბა მიაქციო!●●note my words! დაიმახსოვრე ჩემი სიტყვები!10 ჩაინიშნა (ჩაინიშნავს)he noted (down) my address ჩემი მისამართი ჩაიწერა / ჩაინიშნაI looked through my notes before the examination გამოცდის წინ ჩემ ჩანაწერებს თვალი გადავავლეto make a note of smth. რისიმე ჩანიშვნაhe noted disharmony between husband and wife მან ცოლსა და ქმარს შორის დაძაბულობა შენიშნა -
7 THE
i. – In Quenya, the definite article is generally used as in English. However, notice that it is not used before plural words denoting an entire people or race, such as Valar, Quendi, Noldor, Sindar, Eldar, Ainur, Fírimar etc. This is evident from examples like lambë Eldaron "the language of the Eldar [lit. simply "Eldar"]", Valar valuvar "the will of the Valar [lit. simply "Valar"] will be done". Cf. Tolkien's use of "Men" with no article, meaning the entire human race or humans in general, while "the Men" would be a group of individuals. Anar "the Sun" and Isil "the Moon" are probably treated like proper names in Quenya; they do not take the article. When a noun is determined by a following genitive, it is evidently optional whether it takes the article or not: mannar Valion "into the hands [lit. simply "hands"] of the Lords", Indis i Ciryamo "The Mariner's Wife, *The Wife [lit. simply "Wife"] of the Mariner" – but contrast I Equessi Rúmilo "the Sayings of Rúmil", i arani Eldaron "the Kings of the Eldar". If the genitive precedes the noun it connects with, the article must probably be left out in all cases, as in English (*Eldaron arani, ?Eldaron i arani). Note: i is also the relative pronoun "who, that" and the conjunction “that”; see THAT \#3 and \#4. –I, WJ:404, 368, FS, UT:8, WJ:398, 369 -
8 Points of the compass
north = nord Nsouth = sud Seast = est Ewest = ouest Onord, sud, est, ouest is the normal order in French as well as English.northeast = nord-est NEnorthwest = nord-ouest NOnorth-northeast = nord-nord-est NNEeast-northeast = est-nord-est ENEWhere?Compass points in French are not normally written with a capital letter. However, when they refer to a specific region in phrases such as I love the North or he lives in the North, and it is clear where this North is, without any further specification such as of France or of Europe, then they are written with a capital letter, as they often are in English, too. In the following examples, north and nord stand for any compass point word.I love the North= j’aime le Nordto live in the North= vivre dans le NordNormally, however, these words do not take a capital letter:in the north of Scotland= dans le nord de l’ÉcosseTake care to distinguish this fromto the north of Scotland (i.e. further north than Scotland)= au nord de l’Écossein the south of Spain= dans le sud de l’Espagne*it is north of the hill= c’est au nord de la collinea few kilometres north= à quelques kilomètres au norddue north of here= droit au nord* Note that the south of France is more usually referred to as le Midi.There is another set of words in French for north, south etc., some of which are morecommon than others:(north) septentrion (rarely used) septentrional(e)(south) midi méridional(e)(east) orient oriental(e)(west) occident occidental(e)Translating northern etc.a northern town= une ville du Norda northern accent= un accent du Nordthe most northerly outpost= l’avant-poste le plus au nordRegions of countries and continents work like this:northern Europe= l’Europe du Nordthe northern parts of Japan= le nord du Japoneastern France= l’est de la FranceFor names of countries and continents which include these compass point words, such as North America or South Korea, see the dictionary entry.Where to?French has fewer ways of expressing this than English has ; vers le is usually safe:to go north= aller vers le nordto head towards the north= se diriger vers le nordto go northwards= aller vers le nordto go in a northerly direction= aller vers le norda northbound ship= un bateau qui se dirige vers le nordWith some verbs, such as to face, the French expression changes:the windows face north= les fenêtres donnent au norda north-facing slope= une pente orientée au nordIf in doubt, check in the dictionary.Where from?The usual way of expressing from the is du:it comes from the north= cela vient du nordfrom the north of Germany= du nord de l’AllemagneNote also these expressions relating to the direction of the wind:the north wind= le vent du norda northerly wind= un vent du nordprevailing north winds= des vents dominants du nordthe wind is in the north= le vent est au nordthe wind is coming from the north= le vent vient du nordCompass point words used as adjectivesThe French words nord, sud, est and ouest are really nouns, so when they are used as adjectives they are invariable.the north coast= la côte nordthe north door= la porte nordthe north face (of a mountain)= la face nordthe north side= le côté nordthe north wall= le mur nordNautical bearingsThe preposition by is translated by quart in expressions like the following:north by northwest= nord quart nord-ouestsoutheast by south= sud-est quart sud -
9 Usage note : it
When it is used as a subject pronoun to refer to a specific object (or animal) il or elle is used in French according to the gender of the object referred to:‘where is the book/chair?’ ‘it’s in the kitchen’= ‘où est le livre/la chaise?’ ‘il/elle est dans la cuisine’‘do you like my skirt?’ ‘it’s lovely’= ‘est-ce que tu aimes ma jupe?’ ‘elle est très jolie’However, if the object referred to is named in the same sentence, it is translated by ce (c’ before a vowel):it’s a good film= c’est un bon filmWhen it is used as an object pronoun it is translated by le or la (l’ before a vowel) according to the gender of the object referred to:it’s my book/my chair and I want it= c’est mon livre/ma chaise et je le/la veuxNote that the object pronoun normally comes before the verb in French and that in compound tenses like the perfect and the past perfect, the past participle agrees with it:I liked his shirt - did you notice it?= j’ai aimé sa chemise - est-ce que tu l’as remarquée? or l’as-tu remarquée?In imperatives only, the pronoun comes after the verb:it’s my book - give it to me= c’est mon livre - donne-le-moi (note the hyphens)When it is used vaguely or impersonally followed by an adjective the translation is ce (c’ before a vowel):it’s difficult= c’est difficileit’s sad= c’est tristeBut when it is used impersonally followed by an adjective + verb the translation is il:it’s difficult to understand how…= il est difficile de comprendre comment …If in doubt consult the entry for the adjective in question.For translations for impersonal verb uses (it’s raining, it’s snowing) consult the entry for the verb in question.it is used in expressions of days of the week (it’s Friday) and clock time (it’s 5 o’clock). This dictionary contains usage notes on these and many other topics. For other impersonal and idiomatic uses see the entry it.When it is used after a preposition in English the two words (prep + it) are often translated by one word in French. If the preposition would normally be translated by de in French (e.g. of, about, from etc.) the prep + it = en:I’ve heard about it= j’en ai entendu parlerIf the preposition would normally be translated by à in French (e.g. to, in, at etc.) the prep + it = y:they went to it= ils y sont allésFor translations of it following prepositions not normally translated by de or à (e.g. above, under, over etc.) consult the entry for the preposition. -
10 Oceans and seas
Note that the words océan and mer do not have capitals in French.the Atlantic Ocean= l’océan Atlantiquethe Pacific Ocean= l’océan Pacifiquethe Indian Ocean= l’océan Indienthe Caspian Sea= la mer Caspiennethe Baltic Sea= la mer BaltiqueAs in English, French often drops the words océan or mer. When this happens, oceans have masculine gender (from the masculine word océan) and seas have feminine gender (from the feminine mer):the Pacific= le Pacifiquethe Baltic= la Baltiquebutthe Aegean= la mer ÉgéeIf in doubt, look up the name in the dictionary.Use with other nounsHere are some useful patterns, using Pacifique as a typical name:the Pacific coast= la côte du Pacifiquea Pacific crossing= une traversée du Pacifiquea Pacific cruise= une croisière dans le PacifiquePacific currents= les courants du PacifiquePacific fish= les poissons du Pacifiquethe Pacific islands= les îles du Pacifique -
11 AND
[ forme deboli ənd, ən, n] [ forma forte ænd]2) (in numbers)it got worse and worse — andò di male in peggio o sempre peggio
5) (in phrases)and that — BE colloq. e cose così
••and how! — colloq. eccome!
Note:When used as a straightforward conjunction, and is translated by e: to shout and sing = gridare e cantare; Tom and Linda = Tom e Linda; my friend and colleague = il mio amico e collega. - When and joins two or more nouns, definite articles, possessive adjectives or quantifiers are not repeated in English, but they are in Italian: the books and exercise books = i libri e i quaderni; her father and mother = suo padre e sua madre; some apples and pears = delle mele e delle pere. - And is sometimes used between two verbs in English to mean in order to ( wait and see, go and ask, try and rest etc.); to translate these expressions, look under the appropriate verb entry ( wait, go, try etc.). Note that the two verb forms involved are the same tense in English, whereas in Italian the second one is always in the infinitive: I'll try and come as soon as possible = cercherò di venire appena possibile. - For and used in telling the time and saying numbers, see the lexical notes 4-THE CLOCK and 19-NUMBERS. For more examples and other uses, see the entry below* * *[ənd, ænd]1) (joining two statements, pieces of information etc: I opened the door and went inside; The hat was blue and red; a mother and child.) e2) (in addition to: 2 and 2 makes 4.) più3) (as a result of which: Try hard and you will succeed.) e4) (used instead of `to' with a verb: Do try and come!) di* * *AND /ænd/n.(elettron., comput.) AND ( operatore booleano): AND operation, operazione AND; AND gate (o circuit) porta (o circuito) AND.* * *[ forme deboli ənd, ən, n] [ forma forte ænd]2) (in numbers)it got worse and worse — andò di male in peggio o sempre peggio
5) (in phrases)and that — BE colloq. e cose così
••and how! — colloq. eccome!
Note:When used as a straightforward conjunction, and is translated by e: to shout and sing = gridare e cantare; Tom and Linda = Tom e Linda; my friend and colleague = il mio amico e collega. - When and joins two or more nouns, definite articles, possessive adjectives or quantifiers are not repeated in English, but they are in Italian: the books and exercise books = i libri e i quaderni; her father and mother = suo padre e sua madre; some apples and pears = delle mele e delle pere. - And is sometimes used between two verbs in English to mean in order to ( wait and see, go and ask, try and rest etc.); to translate these expressions, look under the appropriate verb entry ( wait, go, try etc.). Note that the two verb forms involved are the same tense in English, whereas in Italian the second one is always in the infinitive: I'll try and come as soon as possible = cercherò di venire appena possibile. - For and used in telling the time and saying numbers, see the lexical notes 4-THE CLOCK and 19-NUMBERS. For more examples and other uses, see the entry below -
12 Numbers
0 zéro*1 un†2 deux3 trois4 quatre5 cinq6 six7 sept8 huit9 neuf10 dix11 onze12 douze13 treize14 quatorze15 quinze16 seize17 dix-sept18 dix-huit19 dix-neuf20 vingt21 vingt et un22 vingt-deux30 trente31 trente et un32 trente-deux40 quarante50 cinquante60 soixante70 soixante-dixseptante (in Belgium, Canada, Switzerland etc.)71 soixante et onzeseptante et un ( etc)72 soixante-douze73 soixante-treize74 soixante-quatorze75 soixante-quinze76 soixante-seize77 soixante-dix-sept78 soixante-dix-nuit79 soixante-dix-neuf80 quatre-vingts‡81 quatre-vingt-un§82 quatre-vingt-deux90 quatre-vingt-dix ; nonante (in Belgium, Canada, Switzerland, etc)91 quatre-vingt-onze ; nonante et un92 quatre-vingt-douze ; nonante-deux ( etc.)99 quatre-vingt-dix-neuf100 cent101 cent un†102 cent deux110 cent dix111 cent onze112 cent douze187 cent quatre-vingt-sept200 deux cents250 deux cent|| cinquante300 trois cents1000 || mille1001 mille un†1002 mille deux1020 mille vingt1200 mille** deux cents2000 deux mille††10000 dix mille10200 dix mille deux cents100000 cent mille102000 cent deux mille1000000 un million‡‡1264932 un million deux cent soixante-quatre mille neuf cent trente-deux1000000000 un milliard‡‡1000000000000 un billion‡‡* In English 0 may be called nought, zero or even nothing ; French is always zéro ; a nought = un zéro.† Note that one is une in French when it agrees with a feminine noun, so un crayon but une table, une des tables, vingt et une tables, combien de tables? - il y en a une seule etc.‡ Also huitante in Switzerland. Note that when 80 is used as a page number it has no s, e.g. page eighty = page quatre-vingt.§ Note that vingt has no s when it is in the middle of a number. The only exception to this rule is when quatre-vingts is followed by millions, milliards or billions, e.g. quatre-vingts millions, quatre-vingts billions etc.Note that cent does not take an s when it is in the middle of a number. The only exception to this rule is when it is followed by millions, milliards or billions, e.g. trois cents millions, six cents billions etc. It has a normal plural when it modifies other nouns, e.g. 200 inhabitants = deux cents habitants.|| Note that figures in French are set out differently ; where English would have a comma, French has simply a space. It is also possible in French to use a full stop (period) here, e.g. 1.000. French, like English, writes dates without any separation between thousands and hundreds, e.g. in 1995 = en 1995.** When such a figure refers to a date, the spelling mil is preferred to mille, i.e. en 1200 = en mil deux cents. Note however the exceptions: when the year is a round number of thousands, the spelling is always mille, so en l’an mille, en l’an deux mille etc.†† Mille is invariable ; it never takes an s.‡‡ Note that the French words million, milliard and billion are nouns, and when written out in full they take de before another noun, e.g. a million inhabitants is un million d’habitants, a billion francs is un billion de francs. However, when written in figures, 1,000,000 inhabitants is 1000000 habitants, but is still spoken as un million d’habitants. When million etc. is part of a complex number, de is not used before the nouns, e.g. 6,000,210 people = six millions deux cent dix personnes.Use of enNote the use of en in the following examples:there are six= il y en a sixI’ve got a hundred= j’en ai centEn must be used when the thing you are talking about is not expressed (the French says literally there of them are six, I of them have a hundred etc.). However, en is not needed when the object is specified:there are six apples= il y a six pommesApproximate numbersWhen you want to say about…, remember the French ending -aine:about ten= une dizaineabout ten books= une dizaine de livresabout fifteen= une quinzaineabout fifteen people= une quinzaine de personnesabout twenty= une vingtaineabout twenty hours= une vingtaine d’heuresSimilarly une trentaine, une quarantaine, une cinquantaine, une soixantaine and une centaine ( and une douzaine means a dozen). For other numbers, use environ (about):about thirty-five= environ trente-cinqabout thirty-five francs= environ trente-cinq francsabout four thousand= environ quatre milleabout four thousand pages= environ quatre mille pagesEnviron can be used with any number: environ dix, environ quinze etc. are as good as une dizaine, une quinzaine etc.Note the use of centaines and milliers to express approximate quantities:hundreds of books= des centaines de livresI’ve got hundreds= j’en ai des centaineshundreds and hundreds of fish= des centaines et des centaines de poissonsI’ve got thousands= j’en ai des milliersthousands of books= des milliers de livresthousands and thousands= des milliers et des milliersmillions and millions= des millions et des millionsPhrasesnumbers up to ten= les nombres jusqu’à dixto count up to ten= compter jusqu’à dixalmost ten= presque dixless than ten= moins de dixmore than ten= plus de dixall ten of them= tous les dixall ten boys= les dix garçonsNote the French word order:my last ten pounds= mes dix dernières livresthe next twelve weeks= les douze prochaines semainesthe other two= les deux autresthe last four= les quatre derniersCalculations in French
Note that French uses a comma where English has a decimal point.0,25 zéro virgule vingt-cinq0,05 zéro virgule zéro cinq0,75 zéro virgule soixante-quinze3,45 trois virgule quarante-cinq8,195 huit virgule cent quatre-vingt-quinze9,1567 neuf virgule quinze cent soixante-septor neuf virgule mille cinq cent soixante-sept9,3456 neuf virgule trois mille quatre cent cinquante-sixPercentages in French25% vingt-cinq pour cent50% cinquante pour cent100% cent pour cent200% deux cents pour cent365% troix cent soixante-cinq pour cent4,25% quatre virgule vingt-cinq pour centFractions in French
Ordinal numbers in French§1st 1er‡ premier ( feminine première)2nd 2e second or deuxième3rd 3e troisième4th 4e quatrième5th 5e cinquième6th 6e sixième7th 7e septième8th 8e huitième9th 9e neuvième10th 10e dixième11th 11e onzième12th 12e douzième13th 13e treizième14th 14e quatorzième15th 15e quinzième16th 16e seizième17th 17e dix-septième18th 18e dix-huitième19th 19e dix-neuvième20th 20e vingtième21st 21e vingt et unième22nd 22e vingt-deuxième23rd 23e vingt-troisième24th 24e vingt-quatrième25th 25e vingt-cinquième30th 30e trentième31st 31e trente et unième40th 40e quarantième50th 50e cinquantième60th 60e soixantième70th 70e soixante-dixième or septantième (in Belgium, Canada, Switzerland etc.)71st 71e soixante et onzième or septante et unième (etc.)72nd 72e soixante-douzième73rd 73e soixante-treizième74th 74e soixante-quatorzième75th 75e soixante-quinzième76th 76e soixante-seizième77th 77e soixante-dix-septième78th 78e soixante-dix-huitième79th 79e soixante-dix-neuvième80th 80e quatre-vingtième¶81st 81e quatre-vingt-unième90th 90e quatre-vingt-dixième or nonantième (in Belgium, Canada, Switzerland etc.)91st 91e quatre-vingt-onzième, or nonante et unième (etc.)99th 99e quatre-vingt-dix-neuvième100th 100e centième101st 101e cent et unième102nd 102e cent-deuxième196th 196e cent quatre-vingt-seizième200th 200e deux centième300th 300e trois centième400th 400e quatre centième1,000th 1000e millième2,000th 2000e deux millième1,000,000th 1000000e millionièmeLike English, French makes nouns by adding the definite article:the firstthe second= le second (or la seconde etc.)the first three= les trois premiers or les trois premièresNote the French word order in:the third richest country in the world= le troisième pays le plus riche du monde* Note that half, when not a fraction, is translated by the noun moitié or the adjective demi ; see the dictionary entry.† Note the use of les and d’entre when these fractions are used about a group of people or things: two-thirds of them = les deux tiers d’entre eux.‡ This is the masculine form ; the feminine is 1re and the plural 1ers (m) or 1res (f).§ All the ordinal numbers in French behave like ordinary adjectives and take normal plural endings where appropriate.¶ Also huitantième in Switzerland. -
13 Language
Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)[A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling itSolving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into anotherLANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own LanguageThe forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)[It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human InteractionLanguage cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
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14 Illnesses, aches and pains
Where does it hurt?where does it hurt?= où est-ce que ça vous fait mal? or (more formally) où avez-vous mal?his leg hurts= sa jambe lui fait malhe has a pain in his leg= il a mal à la jambeNote that with avoir mal à French uses the definite article (la) with the part of the body, where English has a possessive (his), hence:his head was aching= il avait mal à la têteEnglish has other ways of expressing this idea, but avoir mal à fits them too:he had toothache= il avait mal aux dentshis ears hurt= il avait mal aux oreillesAccidentsshe broke her leg= elle s’est cassé la jambeElle s’est cassé la jambe means literally she broke to herself the leg ; because the se is an indirect object, the past participle cassé does not agree. This is true of all such constructions:she sprained her ankle= elle s’est foulé la chevillethey burned their hands= ils se sont brûlé les mainsChronic conditionsNote that the French often use fragile (weak) to express a chronic condition:he has a weak heart= il a le cœur fragilehe has kidney trouble= il a les reins fragileshe has a bad back= il a le dos fragileBeing illMostly French uses the definite article with the name of an illness:to have flu= avoir la grippeto have measles= avoir la rougeoleto have malaria= avoir la malariaThis applies to most infectious diseases, including childhood illnesses. However, note the exceptions ending in -ite (e.g. une hépatite, une méningite) below.When the illness affects a specific part of the body, French uses the indefinite article:to have cancer= avoir un cancerto have cancer of the liver= avoir un cancer du foieto have pneumonia= avoir une pneumonieto have cirrhosis= avoir une cirrhoseto have a stomach ulcer= avoir un ulcère à l’estomacMost words in -ite ( English -itis) work like this:to have bronchitis= avoir une bronchiteto have hepatitis= avoir une hépatiteWhen the illness is a generalized condition, French tends to use du, de l’, de la or des:to have rheumatism= avoir des rhumatismesto have emphysema= avoir de l’emphysèmeto have asthma= avoir de l’asthmeto have arthritis= avoir de l’arthriteOne exception here is:to have hay fever= avoir le rhume des foinsWhen there is an adjective for such conditions, this is often preferred in French:to have asthma= être asthmatiqueto have epilepsy= être épileptiqueSuch adjectives can be used as nouns to denote the person with the illness, e.g. un/une asthmatique and un/une épileptique etc.French has other specific words for people with certain illnesses:someone with cancer= un cancéreux/une cancéreuseIf in doubt check in the dictionary.English with is translated by qui a or qui ont, and this is always safe:someone with malaria= quelqu’un qui a la malariapeople with Aids= les gens qui ont le SidaFalling illThe above guidelines about the use of the definite and indefinite articles in French hold good for talking about the onset of illnesses.French has no general equivalent of to get. However, where English can use catch, French can use attraper:to catch mumps= attraper les oreillonsto catch malaria= attraper la malariato catch bronchitis= attraper une bronchiteto catch a cold= attraper un rhumeSimilarly where English uses contract, French uses contracter:to contract Aids= contracter le Sidato contract pneumonia= contracter une pneumonieto contract hepatitis= contracter une hépatiteFor attacks of chronic illnesses, French uses faire une crise de:to have a bout of malaria= faire une crise de malariato have an asthma attack= faire une crise d’asthmeto have an epileptic fit= faire une crise d’épilepsieTreatmentto be treated for polio= se faire soigner contre la polioto take something for hay fever= prendre quelque chose contre le rhume des foinshe’s taking something for his cough= il prend quelque chose contre la touxto prescribe something for a cough= prescrire un médicament contre la touxmalaria tablets= des cachets contre la malariato have a cholera vaccination= se faire vacciner contre le cholérato be vaccinated against smallpox= se faire vacciner contre la varioleto be immunized against smallpox= se faire immuniser contre la varioleto have a tetanus injection= se faire vacciner contre le tétanosto give sb a tetanus injection= vacciner qn contre le tétanosto be operated on for cancer= être opéré d’un cancerto operate on sb for appendicitis= opérer qn de l’appendicite -
15 Spelling and punctuation
This table presents a useful way of clarifying difficulties when you are spelling names etc.A comme Anatole means A for Anatole, and so on.When spelling aloud…A A comme AnatoleB B comme BertheC C comme Célestinç c cédilleD D comme DésiréE E comme Eugèneé e accent aiguè e accent graveê e accent circonflexeë e trémaF F comme FrançoisG G comme GastonH H comme HenriI I comme IrmaJ J comme JosephK K comme KléberL L comme LouisM M comme MarcelN N comme NicolasO O comme OscarP P comme PierreQ Q comme QuintalR R comme RaoulS S comme SuzanneT T comme ThérèseU U comme UrsuleV V comme VictorW W comme WilliamX X comme XavierY Y comme YvonneZ Z comme ZoéSpellingcapital B= B majusculesmall b= b minusculeit has got a capital B= cela s’écrit avec un B majusculein small letters= en minusculesdouble t= deux tdouble n= deux napostrophe= apostrophed apostrophe= d apostrophehyphen= trait d’unionrase-mottes has got a hyphen= rase-mottes s’écrit avec un trait d’unionDictating punctuation. point or un point ( full stop), virgule ( comma): deux points ( colon); point-virgule ( semicolon)! point d’exclamation† ( exclamation mark)? point d’interrogation† ( interrogation mark)à la ligne ( new paragraph)( ouvrez la parenthèse ( open brackets)) fermez la parenthèse ( close brackets)() entre parenthèses ( in brackets)[] entre crochets ( in square brackets)- tiret ( dash)… points de suspension ( three dots)« ou " ouvrez les guillemets ( open inverted commas)» ou " fermez les guillemets ( close inverted commas)«» ou "" entre guillemets ( in inverted commas)The use of inverted commas in FrenchIn novels and short stories, direct speech is punctuated differently from English:The inverted commas lie on the line, e.g.«Tiens, dit-elle, en ouvrant les rideaux, les voilà!»‡This example also shows that the inverted commas are not closed after each stretch of direct speech. In modern texts they are often omitted altogether (though this is still sometimes frowned on):Il l’interrogea:- Vous êtes arrivé quand?- Pourquoi cette question? Je n’ai rien fait de mal.- C’est ce que nous allons voir.Note the short dash in this case that introduces each new speaker. Even if inverted commas had been used in the above dialogue, they would have been opened before vous and closed after voir, and not used at other points.English-style inverted commas are used in French to highlight words in a text:Le ministre a voulu "tout savoir" sur la question.† Note that, unlike English, French has a space before ! and ? and: and ;, e.g. Jamais !, Pourquoi ? etc. This is not usual, however, in dictionaries, where it would take up too much room.‡ Single inverted commas are not much used in French. -
16 Languages
Note that names of languages in French are always written with a small letter, not a capital as in English ; also, French almost always uses the definite article with languages, while English does not. In the examples below the name of any language may be substituted for French and français:French is easy= le français est facileI like French= j’aime le françaisto learn French= apprendre le françaisHowever, the article is never used after en:say it in French= dis-le en françaisa book in French= un livre en françaisto translate sth into French= traduire qch en françaisand it may be omitted with parler:to speak French= parler français or parler le françaisWhen French means in French or of the French, it is translated by français:a French expression= une expression françaisethe French language= la langue françaisea French proverb= un proverbe françaisa French word= un mot françaisa French book= un livre en françaisa French broadcast= une émission en françaisWhen French means relating to French or about French, it is translated by de français:a French class= une classe de françaisa French course= un cours de françaisa French dictionary= un dictionnaire de françaisa French teacher= un professeur de françaisbuta French-English dictionary= un dictionnaire français-anglaisSee the dictionary entry for - speaking and speaker for expressions like Japanese-speaking or German speaker. French has special words for some of these expressions:English-speaking= anglophonea French speaker= un/une francophoneNote also that language adjectives like French can also refer to nationality e.g. a French tourist ⇒ Nationalities, or to the country e.g. a French town ⇒ Countries and continents. -
17 Colours
Not all English colour terms have a single exact equivalent in French: for instance, in some circumstances brown is marron, in others brun. If in doubt, look the word up in the dictionary.Colour termswhat colour is it?= c’est de quelle couleur? or (more formally) de quelle couleur est-il?it’s green= il est vert or elle est verteto paint sth green= peindre qch en vertto dye sth green= teindre qch en vertto wear green= porter du vertdressed in green= habillé de vertColour nouns are all masculine in French:I like green= j’aime le vertI prefer blue= je préfère le bleured suits her= le rouge lui va bienit’s a pretty yellow!= c’est un joli jaune!have you got it in white?= est-ce que vous l’avez en blanc?a pretty shade of blue= un joli ton de bleuit was a dreadful green= c’était un vert affreuxa range of greens= une gamme de vertsMost adjectives of colour agree with the noun they modify:a blue coat= un manteau bleua blue dress= une robe bleueblue clothes= des vêtements bleusSome that don’t agree are explained below.Words that are not true adjectivesSome words that translate English adjectives are really nouns in French, and so don’t show agreement:a brown shoe= une chaussure marronorange tablecloths= des nappes fpl orangehazel eyes= des yeux mpl noisetteOther French words like this include: cerise ( cherry-red), chocolat ( chocolate-brown) and émeraude ( emerald-green).Shades of colourExpressions like pale blue, dark green or light yellow are also invariable in French and show no agreement:a pale blue shirt= une chemise bleu pâledark green blankets= des couvertures fpl vert foncéa light yellow tie= une cravate jaune clairbright yellow socks= des chaussettes fpl jaune vifFrench can also use the colour nouns here: instead of une chemise bleu pâle you could say une chemise d’un bleu pâle ; and similarly des couvertures d’un vert foncé (etc). The nouns in French are normally used to translate English adjectives of this type ending in -er and -est:a darker blue= un bleu plus foncéthe dress was a darker blue= la robe était d’un bleu plus foncéSimilarly:a lighter blue= un bleu plus clair (etc.)In the following examples, blue stands for most basic colour terms:pale blue= bleu pâlelight blue= bleu clairbright blue= bleu vifdark blue= bleu foncédeep blue= bleu profondstrong blue= bleu soutenuOther types of compound in French are also invariable, and do not agree with their nouns:a navy-blue jacket= une veste bleu marineThese compounds include: bleu ciel ( sky-blue), vert pomme ( apple-green), bleu nuit ( midnight-blue), rouge sang ( blood-red) etc. However, all English compounds do not translate directly into French. If in doubt, check in the dictionary.French compounds consisting of two colour terms linked with a hyphen are also invariable:a blue-black material= une étoffe bleu-noira greenish-blue cup= une tasse bleu-verta greeny-yellow dress= une robe vert-jauneEnglish uses the ending -ish, or sometimes -y, to show that something is approximately a certain colour, e.g. a reddish hat or a greenish paint. The French equivalent is -âtre:blue-ish= bleuâtregreenish or greeny= verdâtregreyish= grisâtrereddish= rougeâtreyellowish or yellowy= jaunâtreetc.Other similar French words are rosâtre, noirâtre and blanchâtre. Note however that these words are often rather negative in French. It is better not to use them if you want to be complimentary about something. Use instead tirant sur le rouge/jaune etc.To describe a special colour, English can add -coloured to a noun such as raspberry (framboise) or flesh (chair). Note how this is said in French, where the two-word compound with couleur is invariable, and, unlike English, never has a hyphen:a chocolate-coloured skirt= une jupe couleur chocolatraspberry-coloured fabric= du tissu couleur framboiseflesh-coloured tights= un collant couleur chairColour verbsEnglish makes some colour verbs by adding -en (e.g. blacken). Similarly French has some verbs in -ir made from colour terms:to blacken= noircirto redden= rougirto whiten= blanchirThe other French colour terms that behave like this are: bleu (bleuir), jaune (jaunir), rose (rosir) and vert (verdir). It is always safe, however, to use devenir, thus:to turn purple= devenir violetDescribing peopleNote the use of the definite article in the following:to have black hair= avoir les cheveux noirsto have blue eyes= avoir les yeux bleusNote the use of à in the following:a girl with blue eyes= une jeune fille aux yeux bleusthe man with black hair= l’homme aux cheveux noirsNot all colours have direct equivalents in French. The following words are used for describing the colour of someone’s hair (note that les cheveux is plural in French):fair= blonddark= brunblonde or blond= blondbrown= châtain invred= rouxblack= noirgrey= griswhite= blancCheck other terms such as yellow, ginger, auburn, mousey etc. in the dictionary.Note these nouns in French:a fair-haired man= un blonda fair-haired woman= une blondea dark-haired man= un bruna dark-haired woman= une bruneThe following words are useful for describing the colour of someone’s eyes:blue= bleulight blue= bleu clair invlight brown= marron clair invbrown= marron invhazel= noisette invgreen= vertgrey= grisgreyish-green= gris-vert invdark= noir -
18 hold
------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] be held[Swahili Word] -shikwa[Part of Speech] verb[Class] passive[English Example] Bahati was held by the urge to see Idi[Swahili Example] Bahati alishikwa na hamu ya kutaka kumwona Idi [Sul], Bi Tamima alishikwa na uchungu [Moh]------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] get hold (of)[Swahili Word] -nasa[Part of Speech] verb[Related Words] mnaso, -nata, -nasia, -nasika, -nasana, -nasisha, -nasua, -naswa------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] get hold of (with a hook)[Swahili Word] -pemba[Part of Speech] verb[English Example] pull down coconuts.[Swahili Example] pemba minazi------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] get hold of something (fruit etc) with a hook[Swahili Word] -ngoeka[Part of Speech] verb[Derived Word] ugoe------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold[Swahili Word] mkamato[Swahili Plural] mikamato[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[Derived Word] kamata V------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold[Swahili Word] -bamba[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold[Swahili Word] -kamata[Part of Speech] verb[Related Words] -kamatia, -kamatika, -kamatana, -kamatisha, -kamatwa------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold[Swahili Word] -shika[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold (of a ship)[Swahili Word] falka[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold (of a vessel)[Swahili Word] ngama[Swahili Plural] ngama[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Terminology] nautical------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold back[Swahili Word] -nyima[Part of Speech] verb[English Example] you must restrain yourselve somewhat.[Swahili Example] lazima ujinyime nafsi yako------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold back[Swahili Word] -ziwia[Part of Speech] verb[Note] rare------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold back[Swahili Word] -zuia[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold back[Swahili Word] -zuwia[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold by pressure[Swahili Word] -bana[Part of Speech] verb[Related Words] bano, banzi, kibaniko, kibanzi, mbano, -bania, -banika, -banana, -banisha, -banua, -banwa------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold each other[Swahili Word] -shikana[Part of Speech] verb[Class] reciprocal[English Example] holding each other's hand under the table[Swahili Example] hushikana mikono chini ya meza [Ya]------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold fast[Swahili Word] -bana[Part of Speech] verb[Related Words] bano, banzi, kibaniko, kibanzi, mbano, -bania, -banika, -banana, -banisha, -banua, -banwa------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold fast[Swahili Word] -guya[Part of Speech] verb[Note] rare------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold fast[Swahili Word] -nasa[Part of Speech] verb[Related Words] mnaso, -nata, -nasia, -nasika, -nasana, -nasisha, -nasua, -naswa[English Example] his eyes held fast when he once again came away from that girl[Swahili Example] [macho yake] yalinasa alipotokea tena huyu msichana [Mt]------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold fast[Swahili Word] -ng'ang'ama[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold in gunwale of boat for oarlock rope loop[Swahili Word] shalaka[Swahili Plural] shalaka[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Terminology] nautical------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold in the mouth[Swahili Word] -vuata[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold on the knee or lap[Swahili Word] -pakata[Part of Speech] verb[English Example] (s)he held that gown on the knee[Swahili Example] kalipakata lile gauni [Muk]------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold on to[Swahili Word] -nasa[Part of Speech] verb[Related Words] mnaso, -nata, -nasia, -nasika, -nasana, -nasisha, -nasua, -naswa------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold on to[Swahili Word] -zingatia[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold on to (obstinately or persistently)[Swahili Word] -shikilia[Part of Speech] verb[Class] applicative[English Example] "I have said I did note take even a single oath", Nuka held on to that[Swahili Example] "Nimesema sijala kiapo hata kimoja", alishikilia Nunga [Ng]------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold oneself back[Swahili Word] -jinyima[Part of Speech] verb[Swahili Definition] kujikataa kitu wewe mwenyewe------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold onto[Swahili Word] -shika[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold out[Swahili Word] -himili[Part of Speech] verb[Derived Language] Arabic[Related Words] hamali------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold the tongue[Swahili Word] -fyata (ulimi)[Part of Speech] verb[Swahili Example] wote waliufyata [Moh]------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold tight[Swahili Word] -ganda[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold tight[Swahili Word] -kaza[Part of Speech] verb[Derived Word] kikaza, kikazo, mkazo[Swahili Example] kaza kamba; kaza sukurubu[Note] tighten the rope; exert pressure.------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold tight[Swahili Word] -zingatia[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold together[Swahili Word] -ambika[Part of Speech] verb[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] amba[Related Words] ambata, ambo, ambua, ambukizo, chamba, chambo, chambua, gamba, ngambi, uambukizo, wamba, wambiso------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] hold up[Swahili Word] -kawilisha[Part of Speech] verb[Class] appl-caus[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] -kawa------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] ship's hold[Swahili Word] feuli[Part of Speech] noun[Terminology] nautical------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] take hold of[Swahili Word] -kamata[Part of Speech] verb[Related Words] -kamatia, -kamatika, -kamatana, -kamatisha, -kamatwa------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] take hold of[Swahili Word] -paramia[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------ -
19 gift
------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] bahkshishi[Swahili Plural] bahkshishi[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] bakshishi[Swahili Plural] bakshishi[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] baraka[Swahili Plural] baraka[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Derived Language] Arabic[Related Words] -bariki, kibaraka, tabaruki[Note] rare------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] hatia[Swahili Plural] hatia[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Derived Language] Arabic[Note] rare------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] hiba[Swahili Plural] hiba[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] hongera[Swahili Plural] hongera[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] -honga[English Example] he might see that gift as a note like other money Shangwe got from other people[Swahili Example] angeiona ile noti hongera kama hela nyingine Shangwe alizopewa na watu wengine [Muk]------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] jazi[Swahili Plural] majazi[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6[Derived Word] -jaa V------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] jazi[Swahili Plural] majazi[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6[Derived Word] jaza------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] jazua[Part of Speech] noun[Derived Word] jaza------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] kipaji[Swahili Plural] vipaji[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 7/8[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] -pa------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] kipawa[Swahili Plural] vipawa[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 7/8[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] -pa------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] maelekeo[Swahili Plural] maelekeo[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 6/6[Derived Word] elekea------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] mataka[Swahili Plural] mataka[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 6/6[Derived Word] taka V------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] matakwa[Swahili Plural] matakwa[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 6/6[Derived Word] taka V------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] paji[Swahili Plural] mapaji[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6[Derived Word] pa------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] pukuso[Swahili Plural] mapukuso[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] tuza[Swahili Plural] matuza[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] tuzo[Swahili Plural] matuzo[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] uapo[Part of Speech] noun[Note] rare------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] uhondo[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] wapo[Part of Speech] noun[Note] rare------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] zawadi[Swahili Plural] zawadi[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Derived Language] Arabic[English Example] For my birthday, my mother gave a <b>gift</b> to me.[Swahili Example] Kwa sikukuu yangu ya kuzaliwa, mamangu alinipa <b>zawadi</b>.------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] hidaya[Swahili Plural] hidaya[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Dialect] archaic------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift (especially from God)[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] thawabu[Swahili Plural] thawabu[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Derived Language] Arabic[English Example] life is indeed a gift from God that can be counted[Swahili Example] ndiyo maisha thawabu na yanayohesabika (Shaaban Robert)[Terminology] religious------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift (for midwives who helped at birth)[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] jingizi[Swahili Plural] jingizi[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift (given by a bridegroom to his father-in-law)[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] kilemba[Swahili Plural] vilemba[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 7/8------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift (given by man to 1st wife when she agrees to his taking a second wife)[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] mwago[Swahili Plural] miago[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[Derived Word] aga V------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift (of God)[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] upaji[Part of Speech] noun[Terminology] religious------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift (that is expected to be forthcoming)[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] ada[Swahili Plural] maada[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6[English Example] wedding gifts[Swahili Example] maada ya harusi------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift (unexpected)[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] dafina[Swahili Plural] dafina[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift from father to teacher on matriculation of child[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] koto[Swahili Plural] koto[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift given by a person who holds a baby for the first time (both to wish the infant good luck and to indicate that the person holding the child has no ill-feelings toward it).[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] fola[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift given by a suitor to a girl's father[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] uchumba[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift given by a young man to a girl's maternal uncle, who then presents it to the girl's father as evidence of a proposal of marriage[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] mkalio[Swahili Plural] mikalio[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[Derived Word] kaa V------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift given by the bridegroom to the bride's attendants[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] mkalio[Swahili Plural] mikalio[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[Derived Word] kaa V------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift given by the family of the bridegroom to the mother of the bride[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] mkaja[Swahili Plural] mikaja[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift made by bridegroom to those who open door to bride's room on wedding day[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] kifungua mlango[Swahili Plural] vifungua mlango[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 7/8[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] -fungua, mlango[Terminology] anthropology------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift of the bridegroom to the bride after entering the bedroom[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] kipakasa[Swahili Plural] vipakasa[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 7/8[Related Words] kipa[Terminology] anthropology------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift on plate for bridal pair at wedding[English Plural] gifts[Swahili Word] upatu[Swahili Plural] patu[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 11/10------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gift or food given to campaign supporters[English Plural] gifts or food given to campaign supporters[Swahili Word] takrima[Swahili Plural] takrima[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Related Words] ukarimu[Terminology] political------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] gracious gift esp. from God[English Plural] gracious gifts[Swahili Word] karama[Swahili Plural] karama[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Derived Word] kirimu V------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] valuable gift[English Plural] valuable gifts[Swahili Word] adia[Swahili Plural] adia[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Dialect] archaic------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] valuable gift[English Plural] valuable gifts[Swahili Word] hadaya[Swahili Plural] hadaya[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] valuable gift[English Plural] valuable gifts[Swahili Word] hedaya[Swahili Plural] hedaya[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] valuable gift[English Plural] valuable gifts[Swahili Word] tunu[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------ -
20 new
------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] new[Swahili Word] -pya[Part of Speech] adjective[Related Words] upya[English Example] new clothes[Swahili Example] nguo mpya------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] new[Swahili Word] mpya[Part of Speech] adjective[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] -pya[English Example] that said that they didn't know the capabilities of their new coach because he does not have a big name, but they believe their leaders have done things carefully[Swahili Example] walisema kuwa hawaujui uwezo wa kocha wao mpya kwa vile hana jina kubwa, ila wanaamini viongozi wao wamefanya mambo kwa umakini (http://www.ippmedia.com/ipp/alasiri/2006/12/23/80946.html IPPMedia), 23 Desemba 2006[Note] class 1, 3, 9, 10, 11, and 14------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] new[Swahili Word] wapya[Part of Speech] adjective[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] -pya[English Example] the ministry said that it has banned that school from registering new students in form one next year[Swahili Example] wizara imesema imeipiga marufuku shule hiyo kuandikisha wanafunzi wapya wa kidato cha kwanza mwaka ujao ( http://www.ippmedia.com/ipp/alasiri/2007/04/24/89123.html IPPMedia), 24 Aprili 2007[Note] class 2------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] new[Swahili Word] mipya[Part of Speech] adjective[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] -pya[English Example] the group... does not have any new plans for that club[Swahili Example] kundi... halina mipango yeyote mipya kwa ajili ya klabu hiyo ( http://www.darhotwire.com/cgi-bin/darhot/print.pl?id=9133 darhotwire)[Note] class 4------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] new[Swahili Word] jipya[Part of Speech] adjective[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] -pya[English Example] the temporary bridge was built to bypass construction on the new bridge by the contractor M/S Southern Link[Swahili Example] daraja hilo la muda, lilijengwa ili kupisha ujenzi wa daraja jipya linalojengwa na mkandarasi wa kampuini ya M/S Southern Link Ltd (http://www.ippmedia.com/ipp/nipashe/2007/01/04/81625.html IPPMedia), 4 Januari 2007[Note] class 5------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] new[Swahili Word] mapya[Part of Speech] adjective[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] -pya[English Example] without doubt it was in that spirit of developing new things[Swahili Example] bila shaka ni katika moyo ule ule wa kuendeleza mambo mapya ( http://www.ippmedia.com/ipp/nipashe/2007/04/30/89483.html IPPMedia), 30 Aprili 2007[Note] class 6------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] new[Swahili Word] kipya[Part of Speech] adjective[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] -pya[English Example] the government said that the new ferry to cross citizens from the area of Feri Kigamboni to the city of Dar es Salaam will be available after one year[Swahili Example] serikali imesema kivuko kipya kwa ajili ya kutoa huduma ya kuvusha wananchi katika eneo la Feri Kigamboni jijini Dar es Salaam kitapatikana baada ya mwaka mmoja ( http://www.ippmedia.com/ipp/radio1/2006/11/13/78299.html IPPMedia), 13 Novemba 2006[Note] class 7------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] new[Swahili Word] vipya[Part of Speech] adjective[Derived Language] Swahili[Derived Word] -pya[English Example] the company Norconsult is researching new water sources for the city of Dar es Salaam[Swahili Example] kampuni ya norconsult inafanya uchunguzi wa vyanzo vipya vya maji kwa ajili ya jiji la Dar es Salaam ( http://www.ippmedia.com/ipp/itv/2006/11/01/77534.html IPPMedia), 1 Novemba 2006[Note] class 8------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] new[Swahili Word] -geni[Part of Speech] adjective------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] new[Swahili Word] kisasa[Part of Speech] adjective[Derived Word] sasa adv------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] new[Swahili Word] simo[Part of Speech] adjective[Derived Word] Pers.------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] new moon[Swahili Word] mwezi mchanga[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3[Related Words] mwezi------------------------------------------------------------
См. также в других словарях:
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